{"id":14,"date":"2014-12-02T20:25:33","date_gmt":"2014-12-02T19:25:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cvraiz.com\/?page_id=14"},"modified":"2024-06-07T23:31:56","modified_gmt":"2024-06-07T22:31:56","slug":"historical-demography","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/?page_id=14","title":{"rendered":"Historical demography"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Some Main Considerations &amp; Assumptions<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Most African ancestors for Cape Verdeans are likely to have arrived in Cape Verde in the early colonial period 1460-1660.<\/strong><\/span> Because Cape Verde\u2019s\u00a0 regional entrepot function was being taken over by Cacheu in Guin\u00e9 Bissau already during the early 1600\u2019s. Although slavery only got abolished in 1878 it is assumed by some historians that already in the late 1600\u2019s a majority of the Cape Verdean population consisted of free blacks or mulattos being involved in selfsustaining rural activities. This because of widespread manumission, fleeing of slaves, socially accepted miscegenation and a collapse of most slave trade orientated activities during the 1600\u2019s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>We can find confirmation for this from the census held in 1731. Slaves (\u201cescravos\u201d) are being shown as less than 20% of total population and <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">free blacks &amp; mulattos (\u201cmesti\u00e7os\u201d) already formed a clear majority of 80% in 1731<\/span><\/strong>. In 1807 the enslaved part of the population would even be less than 10%. So we can assume that for a majority of Cape Verdeans the African part of their ethnogenesis dates mostly from the period before 1731 at the very least and most likely especially the 1500\u2019s playing a crucial part.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Population Share of Enslaved People in Cape Verde (1582-1872)\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Table 1 <\/strong>(click to enlarge)<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_374\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-374\" style=\"width: 815px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Seibert.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-374 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Seibert.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"815\" height=\"799\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Seibert.jpg 815w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Seibert-300x294.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Seibert-768x753.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 815px) 100vw, 815px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-374\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/343823833_Crioulizacao_em_Cabo_Verde_e_Sao_Tome_e_Principe_divergencias_historicas_e_identitarias\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">G. Seibert (2014)<\/a>. This chart shows the proportion of enslaved people living in Cape Verde. Take notice that in 1731 more than 80% of Cape Verdeans had freed status. In fact probably already in the late 1600\u2019s, although we do not have any census records for that period. Slavery did remain a reality for many people still but overall speaking they were a small minority of Cape Verde\u2019s total population, less than 10% during the 1800\u2019s. This provides a stark contrast with most other parts of the Afro-Diaspora.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Racial Census Data for 1731, 1807 and 1900<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Table 2 <\/strong>(click to enlarge)<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_62\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62\" style=\"width: 592px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/censo-cv-1731-1807-1900.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/censo-cv-1731-1807-1900.jpg\" alt=\"censo cv 1731, 1807, 1900\" width=\"592\" height=\"348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/censo-cv-1731-1807-1900.jpg 592w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/censo-cv-1731-1807-1900-300x176.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 592px) 100vw, 592px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><strong>Source<\/strong>: see directly above. This table is showing the racial composition of Cape Verde\u2019s population (Branco=White; Mesti\u00e7o=Mulatto; Negro=Black). Plus it also makes a distinction between enslaved black people (escravos) and black people with freed status (livres a.k.a. forro).<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>However <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">a minor degree of slave labour was still maintained right till the end of slavery in 1879<\/span><\/strong>. Often employed in the mostly stagnant export sectors of\u00a0 cotton, panos (textiles) and salt. But also as domestic servants. It seems that famines in Cape Verde were much more deadly in the 1700\u2019s\/1800\u2019s than in the early period (1400\u2019s-1600\u2019s). Sometimes killing more than half of the population! This could have meant that replacement by African born slaves was more frequent in later periods than in the 1500\u2019s\/1600\u2019s when a high degree of native born \u201ccreole&#8221; slaves was reported for Cape Verde.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>So for a subset\u00a0of Cape Verde&#8217;s population there was still <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">continued African geneflow also in the 1700&#8217;s\/1800&#8217;s<\/span><\/strong> leading perhaps to some differentiation in African ethnic origins between islands as well as socially defined subgroups on the same island. DNA research has already shown this to be the case to some degree. This chart below is showing the number of slaves in later periods and also how close to 50% of them were located on Santiago. However their relative share in the Santiago population itself remained below 20%.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Census Data for Cape Verde &amp; Santiago, 1731-1867<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Table 3 <\/strong>(click to enlarge)<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_69\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-69\" style=\"width: 990px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Population-et-nombre-d\u2019esclaves-\u00e0-Santiago-18e-19e-si\u00e8cles.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-69 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Population-et-nombre-d\u2019esclaves-\u00e0-Santiago-18e-19e-si\u00e8cles.jpg\" alt=\"Population et nombre d\u2019esclaves \u00e0 Santiago, 18e-19e si\u00e8cles\" width=\"990\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Population-et-nombre-d\u2019esclaves-\u00e0-Santiago-18e-19e-si\u00e8cles.jpg 990w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Population-et-nombre-d\u2019esclaves-\u00e0-Santiago-18e-19e-si\u00e8cles-300x163.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 990px) 100vw, 990px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-69\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Source<\/strong>: Structures coloniales et crises agricoles. Pour une relecture des s\u00e9cheresses cap-verdiennes du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle. (R.P. Widmer, 2006)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In the following charts more details also for each separate island. Tables taken from an unpublished thesis by Rudolf Paul Widmer. Proportionally speaking it seems that <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Fogo had the highest <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">relative<\/span> share of enslaved people in its population<\/span><\/strong>. Almost 25% in 1731 and around 15% during the 1800&#8217;s. Also remarkable increase of enslaved persons on Boavista and Maio during the 1800&#8217;s. Regrettably no data available for Sal. But in both cases most likely linked to salt mining. Notice that on Santo Ant\u00e3o (the second-most populated island) and also S\u00e3o Nicolau the number of enslaved persons was however decreasing!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Number of slaves for each island, 1582-1844<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Table 4 <\/strong>(click to enlarge)<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_359\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-359\" style=\"width: 1467px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Escravos-cada-ilha-1582-1844-Rudolf-Paul-Widmer.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-359 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Escravos-cada-ilha-1582-1844-Rudolf-Paul-Widmer.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1467\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Escravos-cada-ilha-1582-1844-Rudolf-Paul-Widmer.png 1467w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Escravos-cada-ilha-1582-1844-Rudolf-Paul-Widmer-300x101.png 300w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Escravos-cada-ilha-1582-1844-Rudolf-Paul-Widmer-1024x346.png 1024w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Escravos-cada-ilha-1582-1844-Rudolf-Paul-Widmer-768x259.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1467px) 100vw, 1467px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-359\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Source<\/strong>: 1582: Br\u00e1sio (1952-1972:III,97-107); 1731: Carreira (1984:64); 1775: Barcellos (1898-1903:II,68); 1807: Chelmicki (1841:II,320); 1834: Chelmicki (1841:II,323); 1844: Lima (1844a:I,3).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Total population numbers for each island, 1730-1834<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Table 5 <\/strong>(click to enlarge)<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_360\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-360\" style=\"width: 1344px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Population-cada-ilha-1730-1834-RP-Widmer.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-360 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Population-cada-ilha-1730-1834-RP-Widmer.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1344\" height=\"619\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Population-cada-ilha-1730-1834-RP-Widmer.png 1344w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Population-cada-ilha-1730-1834-RP-Widmer-300x138.png 300w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Population-cada-ilha-1730-1834-RP-Widmer-1024x472.png 1024w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Population-cada-ilha-1730-1834-RP-Widmer-768x354.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1344px) 100vw, 1344px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-360\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Source<\/strong>: 1731:Carreira (1984:64); 1770: Pusich Ant\u00f3nio, Mem\u00f3ria ou descri\u00e7\u00e3o fisico-pol\u00edtica das Ilhas de Cabo Verde, 1810, dans: Ribeiro (1956:608-628.611); 1774: Barcellos (1898-1903:III,66); 1775: Barcellos (1898:III,68); 1807: Chelmicki\/Varnhagen (1841:II,321); 1810: Pusich Ant\u00f3nio, Mem\u00f3ria ou descri\u00e7\u00e3o fisico-pol\u00edtica das Ilhas de Cabo Verde, 1810, dans: Ribeiro (1956:608-628. 624-627); 1831: Chelmicki (1841:II,322); 1834: Lima (1844a:1)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It has been suggested by some researchers that <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">early adapting\/creolizing slaves may have had a better survival ratio<\/span><\/strong> and could therefore be expected to pass on their genes disproportionally to their numbers. Because of a lack of European women, interracial unions took place right from the start in Cape Verde and many travellers took notice of the growing mulatto segment of the population. In 1620 the situation even prompted the Spanish king Phillip III (at that time also reigning over Portugal and its colonies) to send over Iberian women to Cape Verde to \u201cextinguish the mulatto race\u201d. To no avail however. See also Table 2 which shows a steadily increasing share of &#8220;mesti\u00e7os&#8221; from 29.1% in 1731 to 64.2% in 1900.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Because of social stigma it might be that this mixed-race group was relatively endogamous or at least more averse to intermarrying with African-born slave women than freed blacks (&#8220;forro\u2019s&#8221;) who are known to have urged for legislation in the 1700\u2019s enabling them to do so. The free blacks, a.k.a. Badius, of Santiago are also known to always having their numbers replenished with recent runaway slaves. If this were to be true even to a partial degree it could mean that the mulattos or mesti\u00e7os from the census might have \u201c<strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">timecapsuled\u201d the African part of their mixed ancestry dating from the 1400\u2019s-1600\u2019s<\/span><\/strong> more so than freed blacks\/forros.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Many of these mixed people would later on be prominent among those sent out to to settle the islands of the north in the late 1600\u2019s\/1700\u2019s. This detailed breakdown of the 1731 census shows the ethnic composition for each island (in the third column of each category). It can be seen that <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">mixed people (mesti\u00e7os) were most important proportionally speaking in Santo Ant\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Nicolau, Brava and Fogo<\/span><\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>1731 census details for each island<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Table 6 <\/strong>(click to enlarge)<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_63\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-63\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/censo-cv-1731.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-63\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/censo-cv-1731.jpg\" alt=\"censo cv 1731\" width=\"1200\" height=\"348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/censo-cv-1731.jpg 603w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/censo-cv-1731-300x87.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-63\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Source<\/strong>: Santo Ant\u00e3o de Cabo Verde (1724-1732) da ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o inglesa a cria\u00e7\u00e3o do regime municipal, A.T. de Matos (1997). Brancos = whites; Mesti\u00e7os = mixed-race; Forros = people with freed status; Escravos = enslaved people. Column \u201cEfect\u201d = absolute numbers. Column \u201c% P\u201d = relative share of each island within overall total for each sub-category. Column \u201c% T\u201d displays the relative share within each island. It adds up to 100% from left to right.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cape Verde\u2019s early history as a regional entrepot (1462-1647), constantly re-exporting slaves to Iberia, other Macronesian islandgroups (Canaries, Madeira and A\u00e7ores) and the Spanish Americas, complicates things greatly. <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>We don\u2019t know for sure which slaves were kept on the island and which ones were sold on. <\/strong><\/span> Could any selection procedure possibly create ethnic bias? Several factors would have come into play; no doubt short term profitability was important but also the added value of keeping certain experienced\u00a0 and\/or trusted slaves on the islands. Perhaps also being reinforced by social norms against selling domestic or socalled criado slaves except during times of extreme need like famines.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>These <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">social norms of retaining trusted slaves (<em>escravo de confian\u00e7a) <\/em><\/span><\/strong>have been reported in the same time period for Luso Africans residing in Senegal &amp; Guin\u00e9 Bissau. Plus it was also cultural practice among many slaveholding ethnicities throughout West Africa. Cape Verde being known for turning African born slaves into Ladino slaves (baptism + basic Portuguese language skills). It could be that they were prominent among slaves being exported. However besides Bozales (&#8220;fresh of the boat&#8221; slaves) and Ladino\u2019s a third distinction was made (according to Sandoval 1624) of socalled Naturales, that is Cape Verde born slaves. They were the most expensive but judging from slave trade registers only rarely to be seen in Latin America. Therefore possibly maintaining to some degree the ethnic composition of Cape Verdean slaves as it was during the very early settlement period.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Cape Verde-based slave traders and their closely connected Luso-African\/Lan\u00e7ado counterparts operated throughout Upper Guinea a.k.a. Guin\u00e9 de Cabo Verde. Basically the area demarcated by\u00a0 the river Senegal in the north and the peninsula of Sierra Leone (Freetown) in the south. The arrival of North European competitors meant that <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Cape Verde based traders started to limit their activities already during the late 1500&#8217;s<\/span><\/strong>. First retreating from northern Senegal and later on also from Sierra Leone and Gambia, getting restricted to the area of Guin\u00e9 Bissau and Casamance (southern Senegal).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>The Lan\u00e7ados and their Luso African offspring however were able to endure longer in most areas of Upper Guinea. They were opportunistically mainly dealing with those who offered the best prices. And so they became the preferred middlemen for the English\/French and briefly also the Dutch. But because of cultural reasons they still kept in touch with Cape Verde-based traders as well. There\u2019s evidence of their commercial activities as well as cultural survival (speaking Crioulo and being nominally Catholic) up till the late 1700\u2019s in Senegal\u2019s socalled Petit Cot\u00e9 (coastal line from Dakar to Gambia). They were only commercially relevant there till the late 1600\u2019s though. <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">In Gambia the Luso Africans were however very active still till the 1730\u2019s,<\/span><\/strong> only disappearing in the 1780\u2019s or so. Same goes for Guin\u00e9 Conakry (Pongo &amp; Nunez rivers) and Sierra Leone (northern part near Freetown). During the era of illegal slavetrading (1810\u2019s-1840\u2019s) these areas got visited again by slave traders based in Guin\u00e9 Bissau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Ethnic references covering all of Upper Guinea can therefore be found during all periods for slaves present in Cape Verde. This can clearly be seen from the slave census taken in 1856 I will post in the next section. So there seems to have always been some degree of \u201cmultisourcing\u201d which resulted in an ethnic and intraregional mix among Cape Verdean slaves. Still depending on political &amp; commercial circumstances the<strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u00a0\u201chot spots\u201d for slave sourcing shifted across Upper Guinea<\/span><\/strong>. Generalizing I would say:\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1460-1500<\/strong>: mainly northern Senegal (Wolof empire)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1500-1560<\/strong>: mainly breakaway provinces of the Wolof empire on the Petit Cot\u00e9 and the Casanga kingdom in Casamance.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1560-1600<\/strong>: mainly Sierra Leone (Mande invasions) and Rio Grande area (Guinala) in Guin\u00e9 Bissau<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1600-1700<\/strong>: mainly Cacheu (Guin\u00e9 Bissau), however this was an entrepot for slaves not only from the surrounding area but also from Gambia, Casamance, Guinea Conakry and Sierra Leone in this period.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1700-1840\u2019s<\/strong>: mainly Kaabu located in the interior of Guin\u00e9 Bissau (via Farim\/Gebu), because of the English and French ban on slave trade in the early 1800\u2019s there was also some minor detour of slave caravans coming from interior of Senegal\/Mali.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Some Africans or mixed African descended people arrived in Cape Verde out of their free will. <\/strong><\/span>Even though obviously only a minority! We have scattered evidence for this occurring throughout Cape Verde&#8217;s history, right from the start. The fleeing Wolof prince Bemoim in the 1480\u2019s probably being most well known. These were mainly people with nobility background or involved in regional trading. Typically they would convert to Christianity in order to fit into the Cape Verdean society. Some Africans also sent their children to Cape Verde to be educated in Portuguese in order to enhance their trading skills.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>From contemporary travelling reports (1500\u2019s\/1600\u2019s)<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>\u00a0the following ethnicities have been mentioned: Wolof, Fula, Mandinga, Banhun, Beafada, Sape.<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Not by coincidence these were also the peoples who maintained the most cordial relations with Portuguese\/Cape Verdean traders. There might have been others as well though. From Almada (1594):<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<address style=\"padding-left: 90px;\">&#8220;It seems that the Jalofos and Mandingas partly follow the sect of Mohammed, since their <em>bixirins<\/em>, that is, their holy men, make their prayers like the Moors. They do not eat pork, but when any of them come to Christian lands, they do not hesitate to be baptised and indeed seek it, and they make very good Christians. <strong>And some come freely from their own lands in order to receive baptism in ours.&#8221;<\/strong><\/address>\n<ul>\n<li>Besides them there were also many Lan\u00e7ados or their Luso-African offspring wanting to return to Cape Verde for their &#8220;retirement&#8221;. They might have <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">brought along African wive(s) and their children plus a great number of domestic servants<\/span><\/strong>. This being pretty much standard in those days for those with social prestige. The Cape Verde-born writer Lemos Coelho from the late 1600&#8217;s is a good example. He left Cape Verde when he was only a youth joining a family business of mainland trading which was already started by his grandfather, uncles and many cousins. For around 20 years he stayed in several places within presentday Guinea Bissau and also Gambia. Apparently after he made his fortune he decided to return to Cape Verde and enjoy an early retirement. Even in the late 1700\u2019s when the scattered Luso-African communities started to dwindle fast we have a report of a trader based in Sierra Leone, asking for a Cape Verdean priest and wanting \u201cto die among Christians\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cvraiz.com\/?page_id=66\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-113 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/next.jpg\" alt=\"next\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/next.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/next-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Some Main Considerations &amp; Assumptions Most African ancestors for Cape Verdeans are likely to have arrived in Cape Verde in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14"}],"version-history":[{"count":36,"href":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":825,"href":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14\/revisions\/825"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}