{"id":512,"date":"2024-03-11T21:03:38","date_gmt":"2024-03-11T20:03:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/?page_id=512"},"modified":"2024-03-17T13:32:05","modified_gmt":"2024-03-17T12:32:05","slug":"haplogroup-studies","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/?page_id=512","title":{"rendered":"Haplogroup studies"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"bbcode_container\">\n<div class=\"bbcode_quote\">\n<p>There have been several studies on Cape Verdean <a href=\"https:\/\/isogg.org\/wiki\/Haplogroup\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">maternal and paternal haplogroups<\/a>. Uniparental analysis is of course <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">less predictive of ancestral composition than autosomal analysis which covers your <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">entire<\/span> DNA<\/span><\/strong> (genomewide). Direct parental lineages, as indicated by <a href=\"https:\/\/isogg.org\/wiki\/Mitochondrial_DNA_tests\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mtDNA<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/isogg.org\/wiki\/Y_chromosome_DNA_tests\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Y-DNA<\/a>, are by default only measuring a very restricted part of your DNA (see <a href=\"https:\/\/tracingafricanroots.wordpress.com\/dna-studies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this link<\/a>). But still given the inherent limitations there have been very interesting outcomes.<sup>1<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 1<\/strong> (click to enlarge)<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_550\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-550\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Autosmal-vs-haplogroups.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-550 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Autosmal-vs-haplogroups-1024x512.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Autosmal-vs-haplogroups-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Autosmal-vs-haplogroups-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Autosmal-vs-haplogroups-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Autosmal-vs-haplogroups.png 1134w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-550\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/antoniosdnaproject.de\/y-dna-haplogroup-and-genealogy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Source\u00a0<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p>Overall speaking the main takeaways are that Cape Verdeans overwhelmingly have African foremothers (&gt;90%) while their male forefathers often tend to be European, ultimately.<sup>2<\/sup> Zooming into the specifics it has been established that as a whole Cape Verdean <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">maternal haplogroups are firstmost reflective of origins from Senegambia &amp; Guinea<\/span><\/strong>. I will not discuss all of these studies in detail. But see below for an overview (not meant to be exhaustive!).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbcode_quote\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1017\/S0003480001001002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mitochondrial portrait of the Cabo Verde archipelago: the Senegambian outpost of Atlantic slave trade<\/a> (Brehm et al., 2002)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/10595227_Y-chromosome_lineages_in_Cabo_Verde_Islands_witness_the_diverse_geographic_origin_of_its_first_male_settlers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener ugc\">Y-chromosome lineages in Cabo Verde Islands witness the diverse geographic origin of its first male settlers.<\/a>\u00a0(Gon\u00e7alves et al., 2003)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0531513103017709\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cabo Verde islands: different maternal and paternal heritage testifies the nature of its first settlers<\/a> (Gon\u00e7alves et al., 2004)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article\/file?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0014495&amp;type=printable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dissecting the Within-Africa Ancestry of Populations of African Descent in the Americas<\/a> (Stefflova et al., 2011)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/84690153.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Genetic portrait of Lisboa immigrant population from Cabo Verde with mitochondrial DNA analysis<\/a>\u00a0(Morais et al., 2015)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>See this link below for a <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">general overview of African haplogroup frequencies and studies<\/span><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/tracingafricanroots.wordpress.com\/dna-studies\/haplogroups-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">African Haplogroups<\/a> (Tracing African Roots)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Mitochondrial portrait of the Cabo Verde archipelago: the Senegambian outpost of Atlantic slave trade (2002)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><a style=\"color: #800080;\" href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1017\/S0003480001001002\/pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">link<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Table 1 <\/strong>(click to enlarge)<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_520\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-520\" style=\"width: 2501px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brehms-2002.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-520 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brehms-2002.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2501\" height=\"695\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brehms-2002.png 2501w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brehms-2002-300x83.png 300w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brehms-2002-1024x285.png 1024w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brehms-2002-768x213.png 768w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brehms-2002-1536x427.png 1536w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brehms-2002-2048x569.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2501px) 100vw, 2501px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-520\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><strong>Source<\/strong>: Brehm et al. (2002). Cabo Verde SE refers to the southeastern islands, a.k.a. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sotavento_Islands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sotavento<\/a>. Cabo Verde NW refers to the northwestern islands, a.k.a. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barlavento_Islands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barlavento<\/a>. <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>L2a, L2c and L3e4 are among the most frequent haplogroups.<\/strong> <\/span>Interestingly the latter seems more typical for Barlavento. See <a href=\"https:\/\/tracingafricanroots.wordpress.com\/dna-studies\/haplogroups-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this link<\/a> for similar overviews of African haplogroup frequencies.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"bbcode_container\">\n<p>____________________<\/p>\n<div class=\"bbcode_container\">\n<div class=\"bbcode_quote\">\n<address class=\"quote_container\" style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">\n<blockquote><p><strong><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>&#8220;Summary<\/i><\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In order to study the matrilineal genetic composition in Cabo Verde (Republic of Cape Verde), an archipelago that\u00a0used to serve as a Portuguese entrepot of the Atlantic slave trade, we have analysed a total of 292 mtDNAs sampled from the seven inhabitated islands for the hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) and some characteristic RFLPs of the coding regions. The different settlement history of the northwestern group of the islands is well reflected in the mtDNA pool. <b><span style=\"color: blue;\">The total Cabo Verde sample clearly displays the characteristic mitochondrial features of the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Atlantic fringe of western Africa <\/span><\/span><\/b>and testifies to almost no mitochondrial input from the Portuguese colonizers.&#8221; (Brehm et al., 2002).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/address>\n<p>____________________<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 2 <\/strong>(click to enlarge)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<address style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">\u00a0<\/address>\n<div class=\"bbcode_container\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_234\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-234\" style=\"width: 373px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Senegmabian-outpost-fig.2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-234 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Senegmabian-outpost-fig.2.jpg\" alt=\"Senegmabian outpost fig.2\" width=\"373\" height=\"274\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Senegmabian-outpost-fig.2.jpg 373w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Senegmabian-outpost-fig.2-300x220.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 373px) 100vw, 373px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-234\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><strong>Source<\/strong>: Brehm et al. (2002).<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"bbcode_container\">\n<div class=\"bbcode_quote\">\n<div class=\"bbcode_quote_container\">____________________<\/div>\n<address class=\"quote_container\" style=\"padding-left: 90px;\">\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;Figure 2 displays the resulting twodimensional PC plot. The first component reflects a clear NW-SE cline, where <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><b>NW Cabo Verde is paired with Senegal (Mandenka), SE Cabo Verde with Senegal (mixed)<\/b><\/span>, the Dominican Republic with Niger}Nigeria, and Brazil with Mozambique. This gives some hints at the ancestry of the populations that were ultimately created by slave trade.&#8221; <span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(Brehm et al., 2002).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/address>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>____________________<\/p>\n<p>Basically this study is saying that Cape Verde&#8217;s mtDNA profile fits best with the mtDNA variation as found in Senegambia. Q<span style=\"font-size: revert; color: var(--ast-global-color-3); background-color: var(--ast-global-color-5);\">uote below is stating that the <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">northwestern Cape Verdean islands show a subset of variety as found in Santiago\/Fogo <\/span><\/strong>(&#8220;SE Cabo Verde&#8221;).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>____________________<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<address style=\"padding-left: 90px;\">&#8220;The <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">differences in haplotype frequencies [&#8230;] between SE Cabo Verde and NW Cabo Verde are striking<\/span><\/strong>, but parallel the significant serological differences found between Santiago and Santo Antao\/Sao Vicente (Lessa &amp; Ruffie!, 1960). Nevertheless, the major haplotypes in both regions are nearly the same, and no haplogroups were found in the NW group that were not already sampled in the SE group of islands. On the other hand, the former islands seem to be missing three minor haplogroups of the latter islands.&#8221; <span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(Brehm et al., 2002).<\/span><\/address>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>____________________<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: revert; color: var(--ast-global-color-3); background-color: var(--ast-global-color-5);\"> Interestingly this study mentions that possibly <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Mandenka fugitive slaves may have caused a founding effect in Santo Ant\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong>. Which in turn also influenced the population structure of neighbouring S\u00e3o Vicente (which was settled mostly by way of Santo Ant\u00e3o). Surely there must have been other ethnicities involved as well though. Too bad no reference\/footnote is provided for these &#8220;historical records&#8221;. From all the <a href=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/?page_id=21\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">historical sources<\/a> I have read myself I never came across anything which could back up this particular scenario. In particular the part involving runaway slaves fleeing from Santiago to Santo Ant\u00e3o by boat seems unlikely&#8230; Because these islands are quite far removed from each other. Frankly I therefore suspect this was merely speculation on part of the authors of this study (who are not trained historians). Like they suggest further research is needed for clarification.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>____________________<\/p>\n<div class=\"bbcode_container\">\n<div class=\"bbcode_container\">\n<div class=\"bbcode_quote\">\n<div class=\"quote_container\">\n<address class=\"bbcode_quote_container\" style=\"padding-left: 90px;\">&#8220;The evident reduction in NW diversity indicates rather strong founder effects. This agrees with the historical records, stating that fugitive slaves from the more populated islands (e.g. Santiago) escaped to the NW islands. These escapees may have formed whole clans (organized according to the place of origin of their ancestors), thus having enforced drift effects. It is tempting to infer from the haplogroup profiles that a <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">considerable number of those escapees had their maternal ancestry in <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">the Mandenka<\/span><\/strong>. It is plausible that all the NW major haplotypes were already involved in the pioneer settlement of Santo Ant\u00e3o.&#8221;<\/address>\n<address>\u00a0<\/address>\n<address class=\"bbcode_quote_container\" style=\"padding-left: 90px;\">&#8220;As to the mtDNAs observed, <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>S\u00e3o Vicente is almost indistinguishable<\/strong> <strong>from the earlier settled Santo Antao<\/strong>.<\/span> Bottlenecks in the course of the famines (in the 19th century and even later) may have had a stronger effect in the NW pool compared to the SE pool. The haplotypes found in just one ethnic group (Mandenka) of Senegal do not show very similar frequencies to those found in Cabo Verde. Clearly a better and more thorough mtDNA survey of mainland West Africa is needed to understand fully the haplotype composition of Cabo Verde.&#8221;<b><\/b><\/address>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbcode_quote\">\n<p>____________________<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Dissecting the Within-Africa Ancestry of Populations of African Descent in the Americas (2011)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><a style=\"color: #800080;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.plosone.org\/article\/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=D83AA0C83905F9D6351B5073CDF96215.ambra01?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014495&amp;representation=PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">link<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>____________________<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>&#8220;Our admixture analysis indicated that the <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">current population of Cabo Verde derives solely from West Africa<\/span><\/strong> (~100% from W\/WC, not including Bantu speakers or Pygmy), namely from West Niger-Congo speakers of Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Sierra Leone (~90%) and Semitic\/Berber speakers of Mauritania, Mali and Western Sahara (~10%).&#8221; (Stefflova et al., 2011)<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<p>____________________<\/p>\n<div class=\"bbcode_quote\">\n<p><strong>Figure 3 <\/strong>(click to enlarge)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_519\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-519\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Stefflova-Fig.-S6.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-519 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Stefflova-Fig.-S6-1024x635.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"635\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Stefflova-Fig.-S6-1024x635.png 1024w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Stefflova-Fig.-S6-300x186.png 300w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Stefflova-Fig.-S6-768x476.png 768w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Stefflova-Fig.-S6.png 1163w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-519\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><strong>Source:<\/strong> Supplement Stefflova et al. (2011). &#8220;In Cabo Verde, mainly the neighboring West African populations contributed mtDNA diversity <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">(~87% from Senegambia region and ~13% from Mauritania\/Western Sahara)<\/span><\/strong>&#8220;<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"bbcode_quote\">\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p>This study basically compares the Cape Verdean mtDNA variation with an extensive database consisting of 5800 individuals from 143 African populations. Confirming the main outcome of Brehm et al. (2002) that the <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">maternal lineages of Cape Verdeans trace back to Upper Guinea<\/span><\/strong>, for the most part. But they put this in greater perspective by also comparing with other Afro-Diasporan populations. See link below for a more detailed discussion of this insightful study:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/tracingafricanroots.wordpress.com\/2015\/05\/29\/locating-afro-diasporan-haplogroups-within-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Locating Afro-Diasporan haplogroups within Africa<\/a> (Fonte Felipe, 2015)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In Table 2 below <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">41% of Cape Verdean maternal haplogroups are being shown as most similar to Wolof\/Lebou<\/span><\/strong> from Senegal. And 59% of Cape Verdean haplogroups\u00a0 are deemed to be similar to mtDNA variation in Guin\u00e9 Bissau and Mali. Of course this shouldn\u2019t be mutually exclusive ancestrally speaking. In other words persons with a haplogroup most commonly found among the Wolof might still have significant ancestry from Guin\u00e9 Bissau as well.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Table 2 <\/strong>(click to enlarge)<\/p>\n<div class=\"bbcode_quote\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_236\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-236\" style=\"width: 756px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/The-relative-contribution-of-African-regions-B.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-236 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/The-relative-contribution-of-African-regions-B.jpg\" alt=\"The relative contribution of African regions B\" width=\"756\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/The-relative-contribution-of-African-regions-B.jpg 756w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/The-relative-contribution-of-African-regions-B-300x142.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 756px) 100vw, 756px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-236\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><strong>Source<\/strong>: Supplement Stefflova et al. (2011).<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p>Also interesting to see the relatively high Berber\/Mauretania similarity being mentioned. This corroborates the minor North African %\u2019s scored by Cape Verdeans when tested by\u00a0 personal DNA testing companies such as 23andme or Ancestry (see also this section). I suppose this <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">North African affinity could signal either direct ancestry from Berber\/Morisco\u2019s\/Guanche but also <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">indirectly via Fula<\/span><\/span><\/strong>. Eventhough in this particular study no similarity was found with Fula mtDNA variation. But that&#8217;s perhaps because their Fula samples are not from Upper Guinea but rather from Cameroon\/Niger\/Burkina Faso.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Table 3 <\/strong>(click to enlarge)<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_235\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-235\" style=\"width: 672px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/The-relative-contribution-of-African-regions-A.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-235 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/The-relative-contribution-of-African-regions-A.jpg\" alt=\"The relative contribution of African regions A\" width=\"672\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/The-relative-contribution-of-African-regions-A.jpg 672w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/The-relative-contribution-of-African-regions-A-300x132.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-235\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><strong>Source<\/strong>: Supplement Stefflova et al. (2011).<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"bbcode_container\">\n<div class=\"bbcode_quote\">\n<div class=\"quote_container\">\n<address style=\"padding-left: 90px;\">\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>___________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>1<\/strong>) On an aggregated population level the analysis of haplogroup frequencies is usually very insightful. But haplogroup studies are by no means intended to be conclusive! Especially not on an individual level. One should <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">be very careful when wanting to apply <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">generalized<\/span> findings to your <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">personal<\/span> DNA results.<\/span><\/strong> Regrettably the ancestral significance of haplogroups is often misconstrued or misunderstood.<\/p>\n<p>It is good to keep in mind that one\u2019s direct maternal or paternal line represents a very small portion of your overall ancestry if you go back to your first African-born (mainland) ancestor. Around 1% only or even less. Also it should be realized that <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Cape Verdeans are almost by default descended from atleast 20 ethnic groups<\/span><\/strong>, due to the ethnic intermingling across the generations (see <a href=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/?page_id=18\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this section<\/a>). This is the reason I personally have always preferred to get tested for my autosomal admixture test results, to get insight into my ENTIRE ancestry.\u00a0 See also:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/tracingafricanroots.wordpress.com\/2015\/01\/20\/fictional-family-tree-incl-african-born-ancestors\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fictional Family Tree incl. African Born Ancestors<\/a> (Fonte Felipe, 2015)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/throughthetreesblog.tumblr.com\/post\/182318109607\/just-say-no-african-ancestrys-dna-tests\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Just Say No: African Ancestry\u2019s DNA Tests<\/a> (Shannon Christmas, 2019)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>2<\/strong>) Cape Verdeans usually have European and not African paternal haplogroups. <span style=\"font-size: revert; color: var(--ast-global-color-3); background-color: var(--ast-global-color-5);\">This is in line with so-called sex-biased admixture. Also commonly observed among other parts of the Atlantic Afro-Diaspora. This means that historically speaking <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">European<\/span><\/strong> <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>DNA has usually been inherited by way of male ancestors<\/strong><\/span>. Which is especially detectable from Y-DNA. European\/Portuguese settlers in Cape Verde have been overwhelmingly male. While European\/Portuguese women were very rare. So this outcome should not be really surprising.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Regarding the nature of this European geneflow I think it\u2019s wise to <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>refrain from \u201cweaponizing\u201d history without knowing all the actual details<\/strong>.<\/span> Aside from structural forces enabling abuse there would usually also be room for individual agency. Victim-perpetrator narratives do not always apply or turn out be much more nuanced than imagined. Of course I am not in favour of any continued sugarcoating of all the horrible practices which took place during the colonial era. \u00a0However at the same time I do also think that a one-sided and heavily <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em><strong>Americanized<\/strong> <\/em><\/span>way of framing things is not going to contribute to a balanced evaluation and complete narrative of complex histories. In particular such an approach is at risk of obscuring and distorting important localized variations across the Afro-Diaspora.<\/p>\n<p>Either way it is important to keep in mind that\u00a0<strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">personal family histories are bound to sometimes deviate from the assumed narrative.<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Ultimately it might be self-defeating to allow generalizations about European admixture to determine how you should feel about your own unique DNA makeup. Especially without at least having done any basic genealogical &amp; historical research of your own in advance. You might then of course still encounter many negative aspects. Especially when solely judging through a modern moral lens. However also often unexpected details might turn up enriching your research and making it more insightful. Things are often far more complex, inter-connected and intricate than you might assume at first.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bbcode_container\">\n<div class=\"bbcode_quote\">\n<p>For example it is pertinent to be aware of the fact that especially\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>during the 1800\u2019s there was an increase of Portuguese exiled men being sent to Cape Verde<\/strong><\/span>. Most of them ended up being absorbed in the local population. Given the rarity of European women naturally they would usually have local Cape Verdean partners. And again at that time the share of enslaved persons would be below 10%. For more details see:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cCabo Verde: forma\u00e7\u00e3o e extin\u00e7\u00e3o de uma sociedade escravocrata (1460-1878)\u201d, (Ant\u00f3nio Carreira, 2000, p.411, p.415)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/?page_id=547\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-113 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/next.jpg\" alt=\"next\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/next.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/next-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There have been several studies on Cape Verdean maternal and paternal haplogroups. Uniparental analysis is of course less predictive of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":23,"menu_order":11,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/512"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=512"}],"version-history":[{"count":31,"href":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/512\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":759,"href":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/512\/revisions\/759"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/23"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvraiz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=512"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}